Gene:GAPDH

Synonymous Genes

• GAPDH <=> GAPDH

Experimental Validated ICGs

Species	Gene Synonymous	Application scenarios	Publication	Year
Agrostis stolonifera	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Abiotic Stresses	Selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR normalization in creeping bentgrass involved in four abiotic stresses	2015
Aphis gossypii	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Developmental Stages & Geographical Populations	Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for the Normalization of Gene Expression Data in qRT-PCR Analysis in Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae).	2016
Apis mellifera	GAPDH	Bacterial Challenge	Reference Gene Selection for Insect Expression Studies Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR: The Head of the Honeybee, Apis mellifera, After a Bacterial Challenge	2008
Bemisia tabaci	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Commercially Available Insecticides	Expression profiling in Bemisia tabaci under insecticide treatment: indicating the necessity for custom reference gene selection	2014
Bos indicus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Milk Somatic Cells	Selection of suitable reference genes for quantitative gene expression studies in milk somatic cells of lactating cows (Bos indicus)	2012
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Biotic Stress & Mycotic Infection	Reference gene selection for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction of mRNA transcript levels in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)	2010
Canis lupus familiaris	Glyceraldehyde-3-phospate dehydrogenase	Different Developmental Stages & Tissues	Selection of internal reference genes for normalization of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis in the canine brain and other organs	2013
Capsicum annuum	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Tissues & Abiotic Stress & Hormonal Treatment	Identification of reference genes for reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR normalization in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)	2011
Caragana korshinskii	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Abiotic Stress	Reference gene selection for qRT-PCR in Caragana korshinskii Kom. under different stress conditions	2014
Casuarina glauca	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Tissues & Abiotic Stress	Validation of candidate reference genes for qRT-PCR studies in symbiotic and non-symbiotic Casuarina glauca Sieb. ex Spreng. under salinity conditions	2015
Channa striatus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	High-temperature Stress	Evaluation of housekeeping genes as references for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of gene expression in the murrel Channa striatus under high-temperature stress	2016
Cicer arietinum	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Developmental Stages & Abiotic Stress	Validation of internal control genes for quantitative gene expression studies in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Biochemical and biophysical research communications	2010
Coffea arabica L.	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase	Abiotic Stress	Nitrogen starvation, salt and heat stress in coffee (Coffea arabica L.): identification and validation of new genes for qPCR normalization	2013
Coffea arabica L.	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Genotypes & Abiotic Stress	Selection of Reference Genes for Normalizing Quantitative Real-Time PCR Gene Expression Data with Multiple Variables in Coffea spp	2012
Craterostigma plantagineum	Glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Tissues	Quantification of expression of dehydrin isoforms in the desiccation tolerant plant Craterostigma plantagineum using specifically designed reference genes	2015
Cynodon dactylon	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Abiotic Stress	Selection and validation of reference genes for target gene analysis with quantitative RT-PCR in leaves and roots of bermudagrass under four different abiotic stresses	2014
Daucus carota	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Tissues	Selection of suitable reference genes for reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR studies on different experimental systems from carrot (Daucus carota L.)	2015
Dendrocalamus latiflorus	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Tissues & Ploidy	Validation of Reference Genes Aiming Accurate Normalization of qRT-PCR Data in Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro	2014
Equus caballus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cells	Evaluation of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in bronchoalveolar lavage cells from horses with inflammatory airway disease	2011
Eremosparton songoricum	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Tissues & Abiotic Stress	Reference gene selection in the desert plant Eremosparton songoricum	2012
Festuca arundinacea	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Abiotic Stresses	Identification and validation of reference genes for quantification of target gene expression with quantitative real-time PCR for tall fescue under four abiotic stresses	2015
Fragaria ananassa	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Developmental Stages & Tissues	Identification and validation of reference genes for transcript normalization in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) defense responses	2015
Gallus gallus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Lymphoid Organs	Identification of stable reference genes for quantitative PCR in cells derived from chicken lymphoid organs	2016
Gossypium hirsutum	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydroge- nase C subunit	Abiotic Stress	Evaluation and selection of reliable reference genes for gene expression under abiotic stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)	2013
Homo sapiens	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Selection of reference genes for use in quantitative reverse transcription PCR assays when using interferons in U87MG	2012
Homo sapiens	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Glioma	Selection of suitable reference genes for expression analysis in human glioma using RT-qPCR	2015
Homo sapiens	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Prostate Cancer Cells	Reference gene for primary culture of prostate cancer cells	2013
Homo sapiens	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Stomach Cancer	Identification of valid reference genes for gene expression studies of human stomach cancer by reverse transcription-qPCR	2010
Homo sapiens	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma Tissues	Identification of optimal reference genes for gene expression normalization in a wide cohort of endometrioid endometrial carcinoma tissues	2014
Homo sapiens	Glycerladehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Epicardial Adipose Tissue	Validation of reference genes for the relative quantification of gene expression in human epicardial adipose tissue	2012
Homo sapiens	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma	Reference gene selection for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma gene expression studies	2009
Homo sapiens	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Validation of putative reference genes for gene expression studies in human hepatocellular carcinoma using real-time quantitative RT-PCR	2008
Hordeum vulgare	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Developmental stages	Internal standards for quantitative RT-PCR studies of gene expression under drought treatment in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): the effects of developmental stage and leaf age	2012
Ipomoea batatas	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Abiotic Stress	Stable internal reference genes for the normalization of real-time PCR in different sweetpotato cultivars subjected to abiotic stress conditions	2012
Jatropha curcas	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Staminate & Pistillate Flowers	Identification and validation of superior reference gene for gene expression normalization via RT-qPCR in staminate and pistillate flowers of Jatropha curcas - A biodiesel plant.	2017
Lilium davidii	Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Experimental Conditions	Validation of Reference Genes for Accurate Normalization of Gene Expression in Lilium davidii var. unicolor for Real Time Quantitative PCR	2015
Lilium regale	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Developmental Stages & Abiotic Stress	Evaluation of putative reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR normalization in Lilium regale during development and under stress	2016
Lolium spp	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase	Resistant to Acetolactate-Synthase Inhibitors	Reference genes to study herbicide stress response in Lolium sp.: up-regulation of P450 genes in plants resistant to acetolactate-synthase inhibitors	2013
Lycium barbarum	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like	Fruit Development	Validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR during Chinese wolfberry fruit development	2013
Mus musculus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Mammary Glands	Selection and use of reference genes in mouse mammary glands	2010
Mus musculus	Glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Uterus in the Peri-Implantation Period	Reference gene selection for real-time quantitative PCR analysis of the mouse uterus in the peri-implantation period	2013
Mus musculus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Tissues & Ageing	Normalization of Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR Data During Ageing in Distinct Cerebral Structures. Molecular neurobiology	2016
Mus musculus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Testis Development	Identification and validation of suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in mouse testis development	2014
Mus musculus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Intestinal Epithelial Cells	Defining suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis on intestinal epithelial cells	2013
Musca domestica	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like	Abiotic & Biotic Stress	Selection of reference genes for quantitative gene expression studies in the house fly (Musca domestica L.) using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR	2013
Oenococcus oeni	D -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Whole Cell Under Various Culture Conditions	Validation of the use of multiple internal control genes, and the application of real-time quantitative PCR, to study esterase gene expression in Oenococcus oeni	2012
Oreochromis niloticus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Tissues & Bacterial Infection	Evaluation of reference genes for quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	2013
Oryza sativa	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Anther Development	Defining reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of anther development in rice	2014
Ovis aries	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Preterm Lamb Model	Selection of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies related to lung injury in a preterm lamb model	2016
Paeonia suffruticosa	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Flower Development & Different Cultivars	Selection of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR during Flower Development in Tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)	2016
Panonychus citri	Glyceraldhyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Developmental Stages & Abiotic Stress	Evaluation of suitable reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR during development and abiotic stress in Panonychus citri (McGregor)(Acari: Tetranychidae)	2012
Pecten maximus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Tissues	Selection of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR studies on the gonad of the bivalve mollusc Pecten maximus L	2012
Plutella xylostella	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehy- drogenase	Different Developmental Stages & Tissues & Abiotic Stress	Exploring valid reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)	2013
Poa pratensis	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase	Different Tissues & Abiotic Stress	Selection of Candidate Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) under Abiotic Stress	2015
Rattus norvegicus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest Model	Selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in a rat asphyxial cardiac arrest model	2008
Rattus norvegicus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Cardiosphere-derived Cells	Identification of valid housekeeping genes for quantitative RT-PCR analysis of cardiosphere-derived cells preconditioned under hypoxia or with prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitors	2012
Rattus norvegicus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Adipose Tissue	Selection of suitable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR normalization in three types of rat adipose tissue	2016
Rattus norvegicus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Intestinal Epithelial Cells	Defining suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis on intestinal epithelial cells	2013
Rhodnius prolixus	Glyceralde hyde-3- phosphate dehydrogen ase	Different Experimental Conditions	Validation of reference genes for expression analysis in the salivary gland and the intestine of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) under different experimental conditions by quantitative real-time PCR	2012
Ruditapes philippinarum	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Copper Treated	Validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR in marine bivalve ecotoxicology: Systematic review and case study using copper treated primary Ruditapes philippinarum hemocytes	2017
Saccharum hybrid cultivar	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Drought Stress	Validation of novel reference genes for reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR in drought-stressed sugarcane	2014
Salicornia europaea	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Abiotic Stress	Validation of suitable reference genes for gene expression analysis in the halophyte Salicornia europaea by real-time quantitative PCR	2014
Scophthalmus maximus	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Viral Infection	Selection of normalization factors for quantitative real time RT-PCR studies in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) under conditions of viral infection	2013
Sesamia inferens	glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase	Different Tissues & Developmental Stages	Exploring valid reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in Sesamia inferens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)	2015
Spodoptera exigua	Glyceralde hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogen ase	Different Developmental Stages & Tissues	Selection and evaluation of reference genes for expression analysis using qRT-PCR in the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)	2014
Spodoptera litura	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Abiotic & Biotic treatments	Identification and validation of reference genes for gene expression analysis using quantitative PCR in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)	2013
Stenella coeruleoalba	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Striped Dolphin Skin	Selection of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR studies in striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) skin biopsies	2006
Stipa grandis	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Abiotic Stress	Selection of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Analysis of Gene Expression in Stipa grandis during Environmental Stresses	2017
Sus scrofa	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Spermatozoa Cryopreservation	Selection of optimal reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR studies of boar spermatozoa cryopreservation	2014
Sus scrofa	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infection	Validation of putative reference genes for qRT-PCR normalization in tissues and blood from pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae	2007
Sus scrofa	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Oocytes & Preimplantation Embryos	Validation of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR studies in porcine oocytes and preimplantation embryos	2007
Sus scrofa	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Gastrointestinal Tissues	Selection of stable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in porcine gastrointestinal tissues	2010
Valsa mali var. mali	6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase decarboxylating	Different Strains & Abiotic Stress Treatments	Validation of reference genes for gene expression analysis in Valsa mali var. mali using real-time quantitative PCR	2013
Vernicia fordii	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	Seed Development	Selection of reliable reference genes for gene expression studies using real-time PCR in tung tree during seed development	2012
Vitis vinifera	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehy-drogenase	Mycotic Infection	Reference gene selection and validation for the early responses to downy mildew infection in susceptible and resistant Vitis vinifera cultivars	2013

Featured Sequence

The Sequence of Homo sapiens GAPDH is displayed as example. 000001 GCCTCAAGAC CTTGGGCTGG GACTGGCTGA GCCTGGCGGG AGGCGGGGTC CGAGTCACCG CCTGCCGCCG 000070 000071 CGCCCCCGGT TTCTATAAAT TGAGCCCGCA GCCTCCCGCT TCGCTCTCTG CTCCTCCTGT TCGACAGTCA 000140 000141 GCCGCATCTT CTTTTGCGTC GCCAGCCGAG CCACATCGCT CAGACACCAT GGGGAAGGTG AAGGTCGGAG 000210 000211 TCAACGGATT TGGTCGTATT GGGCGCCTGG TCACCAGGGC TGCTTTTAAC TCTGGTAAAG TGGATATTGT 000280 000281 TGCCATCAAT GACCCCTTCA TTGACCTCAA CTACATGGTT TACATGTTCC AATATGATTC CACCCATGGC 000350 000351 AAATTCCATG GCACCGTCAA GGCTGAGAAC GGGAAGCTTG TCATCAATGG AAATCCCATC ACCATCTTCC 000420 000421 AGGAGCGAGA TCCCTCCAAA ATCAAGTGGG GCGATGCTGG CGCTGAGTAC GTCGTGGAGT CCACTGGCGT 000490 000491 CTTCACCACC ATGGAGAAGG CTGGGGCTCA TTTGCAGGGG GGAGCCAAAA GGGTCATCAT CTCTGCCCCC 000560 000561 TCTGCTGATG CCCCCATGTT CGTCATGGGT GTGAACCATG AGAAGTATGA CAACAGCCTC AAGATCATCA 000630 000631 GCAATGCCTC CTGCACCACC AACTGCTTAG CACCCCTGGC CAAGGTCATC CATGACAACT TTGGTATCGT 000700 000701 GGAAGGACTC ATGACCACAG TCCATGCCAT CACTGCCACC CAGAAGACTG TGGATGGCCC CTCCGGGAAA 000770 000771 CTGTGGCGTG ATGGCCGCGG GGCTCTCCAG AACATCATCC CTGCCTCTAC TGGCGCTGCC AAGGCTGTGG 000840 000841 GCAAGGTCAT CCCTGAGCTG AACGGGAAGC TCACTGGCAT GGCCTTCCGT GTCCCCACTG CCAACGTGTC 000910 000911 AGTGGTGGAC CTGACCTGCC GTCTAGAAAA ACCTGC